Compare and Contrast their attitudes towards motherhood, proposing why Essay

Compare and Contrast their attitudes towards motherhood, proposing why the differences and similarities exist - Essay Example She is shown as having love for her children but her abortions are quite ironic. The poem talks about a mother who is no mother (Grimes 2007). The attitude towards motherhood and children is quite loving but the act of abortion indicates that the mother never wants her children. She considers it a crime that indicates that she is fully aware of her act of abortion. From Atwood’s narration, it appears that both the women are one and have the same body (Tyler 1982). Jeannie is the protagonist of the short story and she is the would-be mother. The attitude towards motherhood is not given as it is something pleasant and wanted but something that has been imposed on the woman. The mother is shown as suffering. It is shown that mothers have a painful duty to perform in child birth and that’s all. The mother of â€Å"The Mother† never gives birth to a child but loves her children in her fantasy while the mother in â€Å"Giving Birth† gives birth to a child but shows a little concern towards the child and considers herself in a divided personality. Tyler, Anne. The Complexities of Ordinary Life: The Dancing Girls and Other Stories by Margaret Atwood. 1982. Retrieved on 9th February 2009 from

Current Events in Business Research Essay Example for Free

Current Events in Business Research Essay INTRODUCTION There are six basic stages to the research process. Stage 1 is clarifying the research question. This would be the process in identifying the problem that is prompting the research. Stage 2 is proposing research, which would be the act of identifying the resources necessary to do the research. The third stage is designing the research project, or deciding which method to use to gather the information. Stage 4 involves data collection and preparation, which is gathering the data and making it ready to be evaluated. Stage 5 would be the data analysis and interpretation stage. Stage 5 is defining what the data is saying about the problem. The final stage, stage 6 is reporting the results. This is breaking down the interpretation into a presentation that shows the meaning of the data collected. (Cooper Schindler, 2014) This is the process used by Paramount Pictures recently when it was in contract negotiations with the DVD rental company, Redbox. THE DILEMMA As the major Hollywood studios took sides for and against Redbox, Paramount Pictures was staying neutral. The studio had signed a first-of-its-kind trial deal guaranteeing that its titles will be available from the fast-growing $1-a-night DVD rental company through the end of the year. During that time, Paramount would study the effect of Redbox rentals on its total home-entertainment revenue, examining whether there is any decrease in the sales of its DVDs at stores that house Redbox kiosks. Under the terms of the agreement, Paramount would have the option at the end of the year to trigger a five-year deal with Redbox similar to ones recently struck with  competitors Sony Pictures and Lionsgate. The estimated value of the agreement was $575 million. Redbox President Mitch Lowe agreed because Paramount movies performed better at the box office that year. A Paramount agreement would give the studio a share of rental revenue, meaning it could earn more than $575 million if its movies prove popular. Sony and Lionsgate are selling their discs wholesale to Redbox. Though it doesnt have a formal deal with the company, Walt Disney Studios allows its wholesalers to sell discs to Redbox as well. (Fritz, 2009) There has been a lot of debate in the industry about the impact Redbox is having and will have, and we felt the best way to make a decision is by getting the information, said Paramount Vice Chairman Rob Moore. Then we can make an informed decision based on what we will have learned over the next four months. Guaranteed access to Paramount’s movies was important for Redbox. The studio released two of that summers biggest movies, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen and Star Trek.(Fritz, 2009) A movie that plays well in the theaters tends to do well when it is available to rent. Rental revenue could also provide a much-needed boost to the bottom line of Paramount. Lowe said he was confident that providing detailed data to Paramount would help resolve the heated disputes in Hollywood about his companys effect on the entertainment business. Lowe has previously said his companys research found that DVD sales dropped less than 1% in stores that installed a Redbox kiosk. Many studios do their own analysis that we know is not as reliable and is aimed at coming to the answer they want to hear, he said. We find that when we can form a relationship with a studio and share real data, it results in a positive step forward. Moore said he hadnt reached any definitive conclusions as to what steps he would take if the data showed that Redbox rentals do in fact reduce overall revenue. So, the dilemma that Paramount has is whether or not partnering with Redbox will reduce its sales income more than it will increase its rental revenue. THE PROCESS Paramount and Redbox did the research to determine whether or not rentals available the same day to buy decreased the sales revenue any more or less than those studios who decided to wait 28 days to make them available. Despite some content executives recently having touted the benefits of a  28-day window for DVD titles, Coinstar Inc.’s CEO Paul Davis said the companys own research showed Redbox Automated Retail LLC kiosks have a minimal impact on DVD sales. We did a major study, a little over a year ago, with a major studio and a major retailer and we found that the impact on new product sales as a result of our $1-a-night being out there, day and date, was less than 1%, Redbox worked closely with Paramount, and they did a lot of testing as well, and the fact that they decided to go with day and date (of release) I think speaks volumes.(James, 2010) CONCLUSION After reviewing the data collected by themselves and Redbox in 2009, Paramount Pictures made their decision. In June, 2010, Paramount exercised its option to extend its revenue-sharing license agreement with Redbox, which gives Redbox access to Paramount’s newly released DVDs and Blu-ray titles on the same day they are released in the sell-through market. Paramount’s extended agreement with Redbox runs until the end of 2014, though the studio will had the option to terminate the agreement early at the end of 2011. (James, 2010) As a result of the research, Davis thought that studios that have the 28-day window might opt to tweak their Redbox agreements to get certain DVD titles out for rental sooner. Especially as more and more data gets out there and as the studios that have opted for the 28-day window, as they have a year or so to look at the data, see how its impacted their new product sales it could move that we get some titles earlier, he said.(James, 2010) The process that Paramount and Redbox used, and the data they collected, could prove to be useful data to the other studios as to whether or not they should wait the 28 days. Reference Cooper, D. R., Schindler, P. S. (2014). Business Research Methods (12th ed.). New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.. Fritz, B. (2009, Aug 26). COMPANY TOWN; paramount to give redbox a spin. Los Angeles Times Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/422289074?accountid=458 James, S. B. (2010). Impact of day-and-date redbox rentals on DVD sales less than 1%. SNL Kagan Media Communications Report, Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/869743836?accountid=458

The Little Prince by Antoine de St. Exupery :: Prince Antoine Exupery Essays

The Little Prince by Antoine de St. Exupery The Little Prince by Antoine de St. Exupery is a wonderful novel. The Little Prince was originally written in French in 1943 as Le Petit Prince. It was then translated to English by Katherine Woods. The Little Prince is the story of a young boy from another planet who ventures from his home to discover new worlds. In the process, he makes friends and teaches valuable lessons. St. Exupery places himself as the narrator and author of this story. St. Exupery tells of how he went down in his airplane in the middle of the desert and meets a little prince from another planet. The little prince tells the author/pilot about all of the people and animals he has met since he set out on his voyage. In the process, the reader’s eyes are opened to many of the mysteries of life. To make a great book, there are certain criterion which a book must meet. A book needs to be entertaining so the reader will enjoy it and continue to read on. A great novel needs to be well written. It should have a message or a lesson for the reader to pick up on. All great literature also needs to be timeless so it can be applied in different times and places. The Little Prince is a good novel, in great part, because it has very entertaining characters. Part of what makes these characters so enjoyable is the fact they are each a paradox. The prince is an interesting character to follow through the book. The way the little prince never answers anyone else’s questions, yet always expects answers to his own, is amusing. He is childlike in appearance yet seems older in his wisdom. The author of the story is captivating, because his character gives a great deal of insight into the thoughts of adults. The author is also childlike, in his hope that he will one day find another person who looks beneath the surface of things. Another character, the wise fox, is the prince’s first friend on the Earth. The fox appears to be a silly animal at first, after one reads on, however, they discover he is not silly at all. Also the rose, the prince’s love, is very arrogant yet charming. The snake, whom the prince meets his first night on Earth, is dangerous yet helpful at the end when he assists the prince in returning to his home planet.

The Power of Shakespeares The Winters Tale :: Shakespeare Winters Tale Essays

The Power of The Winter's Tale      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many of Shakespeare's later plays broke with customs of genre. The Merchant of Venice has all the elements of a comedy, but deals with very grave matters and ends ambiguously. Pericles foreshadows the novel in its romantic plot and use of narration. Such plays challenged prevalent Renaissance literary theory which demanded fairly strict adherence to classical values of realism and unity. The Winter's Tale is a self-conscious violation of these expectations, and a jibe at the assumptions behind them. Shakespeare uses the play itself to present his argument against what may be termed, "the mimetic theory of art." It was the established opinion of Elizabethan literati that art ought to imitate life (Kiernan 8). Shakespeare not only rejects this "ought,"1[1] but shows the absurdity of what it entails.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The categories available to a dramatist are laid out by young Mamillius when he is asked to tell a tale, "Merry or sad shall't be?" (II.i.22). The dramatist is presented with the options of tragedy or comedy. This bifurcation is repeated throughout the play, which itself is cleft in two between a predominately tragic section and a predominantly comical pastoral section. For this act, tragedy is chosen, "A sad tale's best for winter," (24) and the story begins, "There was a man... dwelt by the churchyard" (28-29). Here is where the play's self-consciousness starts to appear. It is the play which is a sad tale about a man who dwells by the churchyard, namely Leontes, who mourns at the grave of the wife and son he damned. It is also at this moment that the tragedy of the play begins, when Mamillius' tale is interrupted by the arrival of Leontes to accuse Hermione of adultery.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The tragedy progresses to a climax by Act III, Scene iii, when Antigonus arrives on Bohemia's shore. This is the execution of Leontes' greatest sin, his rejection of his daughter. This is also the point at which the mood of the drama turns to comedy. The segue from the Sicilian tragedy to the Bohemian comedy comes in the form of a bear. Prior to his departure for Bohemia, Antigonus refers to bears in the context of folktales, "wolves and bears, they say, / Casting their savageness aside, have done / Like offices of pity" (II.

Effect of Changes in Substrate Concentration on the Reaction Rate

Effect of changes in substrate concentration on the reaction rate of an enzyme IB biology Internal Assessment 3/23/12 Research Question: Effect of changes in substrate concentration amount on the reaction rate of an enzyme Introduction: In this experiment, the substrate is hydrogen peroxide. The purpose of this investigation is to find out the relationship between the substrate concentration and the rate of reaction. Substrates are molecules that are acted upon by enzymes. For instance, amylase, an enzyme found in saliva, helps break down complex starch molecules (substrates) into smaller sugar molecules (products).In other biochemical reactions, substrates require assistance of specific enzymes to form new products. When the amount of enzyme stays constant, the substrate concentration will determine the rate of reaction. However, when the number of substrate molecules exceeds the available number of enzyme, the rate of reaction will no longer increase, but stay constant. If there is a constant amount of enzyme, as the concentration of a substrate increased, the rate of reaction will increase as well. This is because of molecular collisions.If you have more reactant molecules, there are more to collide. Aim: The effect of hydrogen peroxide on the enzyme activity of catalase Hypothesis: When the amount of enzyme stays constant, the substrate concentration will determine the rate of reaction CONTROLLED VARIABLES| Units| Possible effect(s) on results| Amount of enzyme | 2. 8g| an extra drop of enzyme can alter the rate of reaction | Size and type of test tubes | 30ml| The size and type of test tubes were constant, because they can alter the pressure | | Units| Range|INDEPENDENT VARIABLE | Hydrogen Peroxide (Substrate) Concentration | ml| 5,10,15,20,25,30| DEPENDENDENT VARIABLE| Rate of Reaction | Seconds| 80 secs| VARIABLES: METHOD FOR CONTROLLING VARIABLES: CONTROLLED VARIABLES| Method for control:| 1. Amount of enzyme| All liver used were at a constant weight of 2. 8g | 2. Size of test tube | All test tubes were 30ml| METHOD FOR COLLECTING DATA: 1. Prepare a tube rack and place 6 30ml tubes in them. 2. Weigh liver at a constant 2. 8g. 3. Place the 6 pieces of liver into the test tubes. 4.Obtain 3% hydrogen peroxide and a graduated cylinder. 5. Pour 5ml into test tube 1, 10ml into test tube 2, 15ml into test tube, 20ml into test tube 4, 25 ml into test tube 5, 30ml into test tube 6 (but not at once one after the another) . 6. Once hydrogen is in the test tube start the stop watch to see how long it will take to react. 7. Repeat the action in no. 5 & 6, six times for each tube. 8. Observe what happens to the liver while reacting to the hydrogen peroxide. 9. Clear up the station and pour liver into a waste beaker. 0. Clean each of the test tubes out and put the materials away. The materials used in this experiment are: I. 50-ml graduated cylinder II. Fresh liver III. 6 test tubes (30 ml) IV. 3% Hydrogen peroxide V. Disposable Pipettes VI. Sto pwatch VII. Digital scale VIII. 50ml beaker IX. Test tube rack X. Plastic knife XI. Scissors QUALITATIVE DATA. The reaction started as soon as Catalase touched the surface of hydrogen peroxide. More concentrated hydrogen peroxide produced more oxygen bubbles and the reaction rate was faster.As more substrate was added the reaction was faster. Once the 5ml of hydrogen peroxide was put into the test tube with the liver, the reaction rate was slow. As the amount of hydrogen peroxide increased the reaction became faster. When putting the 15ml of peroxide into the test tube 3 during the first trial the reaction bubbles spilled into tube 4 affecting the result slightly, because it made it to start reacting before the 20ml of peroxide was put into test tube 4 . In test tube 6 during the first trial the liver was lifted from the surface about 2cm.The color for test tubes 1-5 during all the six trials was light brown, but for tube six the color was dark brown. BEFORE SUBSTRATE AFTER SUBSTRAT E RECORDING RAW DATA:PROCESSING RAW DATA: Amount of Solute concentration (ml)| Repeat| Reaction time (s)(+/-0. 5s)| 5| 1| 130| | 2| 129| | 3| 130| | 4| 132| | 5| 128| | 6| 123| 10| 1| 100| | 2| 110| | 3| 92| | 4| 98| | 5| 95| | 6| 101| 15| 1| 87| | 2| 87| | 3| 84| | 4| 88| | 5| 82| | 6| 84| 20| 1| 63| | 2| 70| | 3| 78| | 4| 71| | 5| 74| | 6| 75| 25| 1| 59| | 2| 58| | 3| 60| | 4| 60| | 5| 58| | 6| 59| 0| 1| 39| | 2| 42| | 3| 37| | 4| 41| | 5| 40| | 6| 38| Amount of Solute concentration (ml)| Repeat| Reaction time (s)(+/-0. 5s)| Mean (s)(+/-0. 5s)| 5| 1| 130| 128. 6| | 2| 129| | | 3| 130| | | 4| 132| | | 5| 128| | | 6| 123| | 10| 1| 100| 99. 3| | 2| 110| | | 3| 92| | | 4| 98| | | 5| 95| | | 6| 101| | 15| 1| 87| 85. 3| | 2| 87| | | 3| 84| | | 4| 88| | | 5| 82| | | 6| 84| | 20| 1| 63| 71. 8| | 2| 70| | | 3| 78| | | 4| 71| | | 5| 74| | | 6| 75| | 25| 1| 59| 59. 0| | 2| 58| | | 3| 60| | | 4| 60| | | 5| 58| | | 6| 59| | 30| 1| 39| 39. 5| | 2| 42| | 3| 37| | | 4| 41| | | 5| 40| | | 6| 38| | *Sample Calculation of mean: sum of reaction time for tube/# of trials 39+42+37+41+40+38=237 237/6= 39. 5 PRESENTING PROCESSED DATA CONCLUDING: My hypothesis was supported based on my data. The data suggests that as the hydrogen peroxide concentration increases the rate of reaction increased. It took less time for it to react according to figure 1. The general trend that was in this experiment was that the numbers for each amount of hydrogen were in the same range e. g. 15ml (87 87 84 88 82 84).My prediction was correct the more substrate was added the less time it used to react hence a faster reaction rate. There were no anomalous results. The data in this experiment suggests that the change in amount of substrate creates a faster reaction rate. EVALUATING PROCEDURES: Even though the experiment and the outcome of the experiment support my hypothesis; there are some weakness in this experiment that would have enabled a better outcome. The weaknesses that were present in the in the method of chosen for this investigation was the size of liver.The last weakness the arrangement in the steps taken. IMPROVING THE INVESTIGATION: To improve the results of this investigation is the size of liver should have been smaller, so that more reaction would have taken place and the color of the liver would have changed more for all of the tubes. Another improvement would be in the arrangement of steps taken. To avoid the spillover of the reaction bubbles into test tube 4, the amount of hydrogen peroxide should have been in the test tubes first then the liver should have been dropped in after.

Digital Music Downloads essays

Digital Music Downloads essays Digital music, in combination with the internet, has allowed people all across the world to download any song they desire completely free of charge. This is great for consumers, but it is a frightening problem for all involved in the music industry. Illegal downloads have taken the online world by storm. One hundred percent of the music down loaders polled said they have downloaded music illegally. Only 25 percent have downloaded music legally, and only 14 percent of those people have a predominantly legal digital music library. That means only three and a half percent of the music down loaders polled actually have paid for most of their music. It is statistics like that the have the RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America) scrambling to fix this problem. The catalyst of this whole problem is the MP3. MP3 stands for Motion Picture Experts Group, audio layer three and has been around since 1991. It is a music codec that was created by a German research firm for use in the broadcast industry. The format compresses a song to 1/12 its original size by striping away the audio signals not audible to the human ear. The small file size of the MP3 is what allowed Shawn Fanning to write a program that brought the RIAA to its knees. Shawn Fanning is a college dropout who brought free music to the masses. He is the creator of the file sharing program Napster. Shawn began attending Northeastern University in the fall of 1998, but soon dropped out so he could focus on the creation of Napster. In May of 1999, Shawn and his uncle John Fanning, with help from private investors, started the company Napster (Man). Practically overnight Napster was a huge success. People began sharing songs by the millions. But soon the RIAA realized the threat of Napster, and on December 7, 1999 the RIAA sued Napster. The lawsuit asked for damages of $100,000 every time a song was copied. In April of 2000, rock group Metallica followed the RIA...

cemistry essays

cemistry essays ung Pioneers and the China-Russia Friendship were set up all over China. Because the Communist Party ran these groups, it was easy for them to use the people for its own purposes such as mass rallies. An incredible example of this was when every Chinese citizen was asked to kill 10 flies a day throughout the 1960's. With a population of 600 million, flies became virtually extinct. In some areas. Another example of this was when cities were being cleaned up. In Shanghai, there was a campaign against rats and each week, every family had to produce one rat's tail. Another change that affected the Chinese people was the introduction of communes. This reorganised their lives. Families were split up into work teams where they shared everything. Children were sent to schools and nurseries, old people and the infirm were moved into 'houses of happiness' so that their families did not have to look after them and could work. Communal eating halls were also set up so that people did not waste time cooking. Communes were units of local government, with a committee made up of peasants. Party members and soldiers ran schools, clinics, nurseries, eating halls, entertainment and other public services. These changes meant that the Party controlled people's lives and they spent less time with their families and more time working, resulting in exhaustion and illness. From 1962 to 1966, the Communist Party argued as to which road to take. The moderates wanted peasants working harder, to have bigger plots of land and to get paid according to how much work they did. Mao Zedong was opposed to these policies. He thought that they were too 'capitalist'. In 1962, the Socialist Education Movement was launched, aiming to get people back into Communism. The 'four clean-ups campaign' to get rid of corruption and bad Party leadership was also introduced, to discourage people who showed signs of 'capitalist' behaviour. These were also important political cha...

Dnde enviar la solicitud para la greencard por matrimonio

Dnde enviar la solicitud para la greencard por matrimonio   Los ciudadanos americanos y los residentes permanentes pueden solicitar la tarjeta de residencia   por matrimonio para sus esposos enviando la aplicacià ³n  al USCIS. Estas son las reglas. La solicitud al Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s)  se hace mediante la planilla I-130. Debe acompaà ±arse de otros documentos y del pago de la cuota correspondiente. A la hora de enviar los papeles pueden darse las siguientes posibilidades: El solicitante est en Estados Unidos y su marido o mujer estn en otro pas Es el caso en el que un ciudadano americano o residente permanente legal est en Estados Unidos y su cà ³nyuge se encuentra en otro paà ­s. El lugar al que hay que enviar la documentacià ³n depende del estado o territorio en el que vive el solicitante. Asà ­: Si reside en: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado,Dakota del Norte, Dakota del Sur,  Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, Nuevo Mà ©xico, Oklahoma, Oregà ³n, Texas, Utah, Washington o Wyoming o en los territorios de Samoa, Puerto Rico, Guam o las Islas Marianas,  la documentacià ³n que se envà ­a por correo ordinario del servicio de Correos pà ºblico ha de dirigirse a: USCISATTN: I-130PO Box 21700Phoenix, AZ 85036 Pero si se envà ­a por Express Mail o utilizando un servicio privado de mensajerà ­a tipo UPS o Fedex, entonces el sobre con la documentacià ³n ha de enviarse a: USCISAttn: I-1301820 E. Skyharbor Circle SSuite 100Phoenix, AZ 85034 Si el solicitante reside en: Alabama, Arkansas, Carolina del Norte, Carolina del Sur, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Luisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minesota, Misisipi, Misuri, Nuevo Hampshire, Nueva Jersey, Nueva York, Ohio, Pensilvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, Virginia Occidental, Wisconsin y Washington D.C., entonces los envà ­os realizados por correo ordinario del Servicio de Correos Pà ºblico (US Postal Service o USPS) han de dirigirse a: USCISP.O. Box 804625Chicago, IL 60680-4107 Sin embargo, si se prefiere utilizar un Express Mail o un servicio de mensajerà ­a privado, la direccià ³n a la que se envà ­a es: USCISAttn: I-130131 South Dearborn-3rd  FloorChicago, IL 60603-551 En los casos en que ambos cnyuges estn en este momento residiendo en el extranjero Puede suceder que el solicitante està © viviendo temporalmente en otro paà ­s pero desea regresar a Estados Unidos. Por esta razà ³n solicita la tarjeta de residencia para su cà ³nyuge. Son pocos los casos en los que se da esta circunstancia pero sà ­ que son posibles. La direccià ³n a la que enviar la documentacià ³n es la seà ±alada en el supuesto anterior cuando se envà ­a a las oficinas (lockbox) de Chicago,  IL. Recordar enviar a una u otra direccià ³n en Chicago dependiendo del servicio de envà ­o que se utilice. Adems, si el solicitante vive en un paà ­s donde el USCIS tiene una oficina internacional, puede enviarse la documentacià ³n allà ­. Es lo que se conoce como una presentacià ³n de solicitud directamente en una oficina consular (DCF, por sus siglas en inglà ©s por Direct Consular Filing).  Estas son las posibilidades con sus direcciones para envà ­o de correo y servicio de mensajerà ­a en paà ­ses en los que se habla espaà ±ol: CubaEl SalvadorGuatemalaMà ©xico DFMà ©xico, Ciudad JurezMà ©xico, MonterreyPerà ºRepà ºblica Dominicana El USCIS mantiene un pgina con las direcciones de correo de cada una de esas oficinas. Cuando el solicitante y el cnyugeresiden en Estados Unidos Si  adems de la solicitud de la tarjeta de residencia para su cà ³nyuge aplica por un ajuste de estatus para à ©ste mediante la planilla I-485. En estos casos, si se emplea correo ordinario del Servicio de Correos la direccià ³n de envà ­o es: USCISP.O. Box 805887Chicago, IL 60680-4120 Si se prefiere utilizar Express Mail o un servicio de mensajerà ­a privado (courier service) entonces enviar la documentacià ³n a: USCISFBAS131 South Dearborn-3rd  FloorChicago, IL 60603-5517 Es muy importante estar seguros de que se puede ajustar el estatus. Ya que si no se puede, la consecuencia es que el cà ³nyuge extranjero debe salir de Estados Unidos y completar el proceso para la green card mediante un procedimiento consultar. Y en el momento de salir de los Estados Unidos comienza a aplicar el castigo o penalidad de los 3 y 10 aà ±os si se ha estado en el paà ­s como ilegal. No pueden ajustar su estatus dentro de Estados Unidos los cà ³nyuges de residentes permanentes que estn en situacià ³n de ilegalidad. En el caso de esposos de ciudadanos el caso es distinto. Sà ³lo est prohibido que ajusten estatus los que ingresaron al paà ­s cruzando ilegalmente la frontera. Por lo tanto, consultar con un abogado para ver cules son las opciones en el caso de estancia ilegal por parte del cà ³nyuge extranjero. A tener en cuenta Si la documentacià ³n se envà ­a al lugar equivocado se va a producir un retraso en la tramitacià ³n de la solicitud. Para asegurarse de tener siempre la direccià ³n correcta se puede verificar si ha habido cambios en la pgina web del uscis o llamando al  1-800-375-5283. Adems, las peticiones de una tarjeta de residencia para el cà ³nyuge pueden ser hechas en base tanto a matrimonios heterosexuales como homosexuales. Y es que las bodas entre gays y lesbianas producen los mismos beneficios migratorios que las que se celebran entre un hombre y una mujer. Finalmente, tener en cuenta que la green card puede ser negada por ms de 40 causas. Algunas son temporales y el problema desaparece con el paso del tiempo. En otras ocasiones es posible solicitar un perdà ³n y en algunos casos simplemente es imposible. Es decir, casarse con un ciudadano o un residente no siempre quiere decir que se obtiene la green card. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Strengths and weakenesses of CHRIS21 HRIS system Essay

Strengths and weakenesses of CHRIS21 HRIS system - Essay Example The software that offers payrolls to the employees helps greatly in payment of employees (Schwalbe, 2009, 250). For example, availing payments to 2000 employees is a hectic exercise. This is because the employees’ turnover is large and enough scrutiny would not be enough. The HR benefits a lot in terms of saving time concerning payments. Talent Management software helps scrutinize on the capacities of the workforce effectively (Lic Books, 2010, 24). This is because the software can handle many employees within an exceedingly short duration. Handling of 2000 employees of a company would ensure that all of them are recognizable. Therefore, the exercise is fair and efficient to the company In addition, there is also the use of social software for the employees. This software is beneficial because it helps the employees to reach to each other and share ideologies. Moreover, the software helps the employee to socialize and share. This forum helps the employees to reconnect and have a sense of belonging. Any issues facing human resource have their scrutiny in this arena. For example, 2000 employees require to be socially reconnecting. This software enables employees get in contact. Two thousand employees is a great number that cannot get in touch manually. This is because employees have commitments that would derail them from meeting all the time. One of the disadvantages of this human resource software is the fact that the employer has no special contact with the employees. Dealing with employees using software means that this happens without any person turning up. Therefore, the employees do not have a [personal relationship with the employer. This makes them refute the fact that they are an exceedingly necessary resource for the company. The other disadvantage is that employees’ weaknesses are not recognizable. This is because software does

Alliance Supermarket and Point of Sale Systems Assignment

Alliance Supermarket and Point of Sale Systems - Assignment Example For instance, cash registers, even those that are highly competitive and are more costly while compared to computer systems are incapable of gathering or utilizing information and in an effective manner (Motorola solutions, 2013). This paper will discuss the improvements that Alliance Supermarkets should implement to its current POS system to allow it boost the quality of services that it delivers to its consumers, bring down its costs of operation and boost the revenues that it generates from its operations. Point-of-sale systems can be used to reduce costs, respond to markets trends in a faster manner, improve the quality of services delivered to customers, allow customers to buy smarter, improve marketing potential for a business, and allow retail stores to control their money. In the case of Alliance Supermarkets, the enterprise has been witnessing sudden changes in demand, and these issues have been catching the company by surprise. Also, the demand patterns as well as preferences vary from one store to the other, and the manufacturers are pressuring Alliance to help them target the appropriate customers in the event of special promotions and sales (Posmatic, 2014). Alliance Supermarkets have a need to increase the revenues at the POS and bring down technological costs. While deciding the best POS strategy to adopt, the company also wants to take advantage of the latest technology which can allow it to offer data analytics, manage information in an efficient manner, and reduce incidences of fraud. While developing its POS network, these are some of the major options that Alliance Supermarkets should consider (Posmatic, 2014). A POS system at Alliance Supermarkets can be used to boost customer relations. With the implementation of this system, Alliance supermarkets can be able learn about the purchases that the customer makes by calling it from the system. This would make it possible for the company to handle payments, returns among other

Molecular diagnosis of Neonatal mellitus Research Paper

Molecular diagnosis of Neonatal mellitus - Research Paper Example Therefore, the adoption of whole exome sequencing (WES) for diagnosis of NDM at molecular level provided a remedy in general management of NDM as asserted by Bonnefond et al (2010).  Molecular diagnosis of NDM has had several achievements such as it permitted a more rapid and cost-effective diagnosis problems. The analysis of patients with monogenic forms of diabetes is now very fast since the use of molecular diagnosis makes it possible of analysing many diabetes genes simultaneously (Bonnefond et al, 2010).   Molecular diagnosis is applicable where the use of sanger-based sequencing was inefficient. Most importantly, the use of whole exome sequencing for molecular diagnosis is an exceptional tool for further genetic research. In addition, WES is important in further identification of new casual mutations (Ylikallio et al, 2014). For example, the use of WES has identified a new mutation of ABCC8. Therefore, this technology is more comprehensive, cheaper and less labour intensive as compared to other standard sequencing protocols.The Molecular Diagnosis of NDA  Studies show that almost half of NDM cases are transient (TNDM) while the other forms are permanent (PNDM) (Carroll, Brilhante, and Suomalainen, 2014). The several cases of both the forms of NDM that were attend to since the adoption of WES use shows that, majority of all the cases handled had TNDM form. This form had abnormality in chromosome 6q24 and a diagnosis on the frequent cause of NDM shows there is mutation in the pancreatic beta cells.

Chinese Journalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Chinese Journalism - Essay Example In the earlier days, printed media forms were generally used for publishing journals however based on the current trend of technological upliftment, the publishing style in the current days has shifted towards the implication of digital media. For instance, in the present days, almost every type of journal articles can be found on the World Wide Web (WWW). Apart from these, the concept of professionalism finds significant level of importance when it comes to safeguarding the integrity of the journalist. As a matter of fact, any individual can post or write about anything. However, the level of attention which that online written content will attain mainly depends on its writing quality and the quantity of justifiable facts which have been included into it. The objective of this report will be to understand the factors which have resulted in the lack of professionalization within Chinese journalism on the basis of aspects which include Political Neutrality, Objectivity and Autonomy. The comparisons will be made in context to that of the North American ideals. The foremost part of the discussion will comprise facts that will reflect the trend of Chinese journalism. The present topic describes that the journalism trend followed in China is highly unprofessional in comparison to that of the North American journalism ideals. As projected by Zhaoc, Chinese journalism is acquainted of being instrumentalized and regulated by bureaucracy and the political pressure. In simple words, the concept of independence within work appears to be less preferred within China (143-174). Besides, multiple instances seemed to have occurred where the concept of paid journalism has been put to practise for reasons such as data enclosement or negative reviewing of multiple business processes. For instance, according to the legal obligation mentioned in the ‘Article 35’ of Chinese Constitution, every individual within this nation has the

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 59

Assignment - Essay Example Consequently, employees within an organization should be sufficiently equipped with skills relating to these elements of communication, in order to attain competence. The employees input these acquired and inbuilt skills towards company activities, thus showing that organisational communication competence significantly influences other company operations (Williams, 2009). This paper provides insight into the concept of organizational communication competence and its impact on technology usage within a firm. In order to increase organisational communication competence, firms focus on increasing the input variables that match its goals. Boosting employee motivation is one successful way of increasing organisational competence. Respectful strategies, which determine new talents amongst employees’, also boost interactivity and positive communication. In addition, factors such as team work and matching of abilities determine a company’s competence in regard to organisational communication (Sanchez, 2004). This enables the company to seal any information conveyance loopholes that may hinder successful operation. Through improving organisational communication competence, this acts as a guarantee for consistent review on the company’s workforce tendency to account for prevailing conditions in the market and emerging technologies (Sanchez, 2004). By ensuring that there are open communication channels traversing across the organization, an establishment can be adequately informed about relevant technology developments. As a result, it becomes possible to source relevant technologies from the most qualified yet most affordable suppliers. Additionally, such communication proficiency makes it possible for the workforce to operate in unison, in the course of determining the direction to be followed while striving to achieve company goals through advanced technological platforms (Heene, 2004). Flexibility and creativity fostered by

Chinese Journalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Chinese Journalism - Essay Example In the earlier days, printed media forms were generally used for publishing journals however based on the current trend of technological upliftment, the publishing style in the current days has shifted towards the implication of digital media. For instance, in the present days, almost every type of journal articles can be found on the World Wide Web (WWW). Apart from these, the concept of professionalism finds significant level of importance when it comes to safeguarding the integrity of the journalist. As a matter of fact, any individual can post or write about anything. However, the level of attention which that online written content will attain mainly depends on its writing quality and the quantity of justifiable facts which have been included into it. The objective of this report will be to understand the factors which have resulted in the lack of professionalization within Chinese journalism on the basis of aspects which include Political Neutrality, Objectivity and Autonomy. The comparisons will be made in context to that of the North American ideals. The foremost part of the discussion will comprise facts that will reflect the trend of Chinese journalism. The present topic describes that the journalism trend followed in China is highly unprofessional in comparison to that of the North American journalism ideals. As projected by Zhaoc, Chinese journalism is acquainted of being instrumentalized and regulated by bureaucracy and the political pressure. In simple words, the concept of independence within work appears to be less preferred within China (143-174). Besides, multiple instances seemed to have occurred where the concept of paid journalism has been put to practise for reasons such as data enclosement or negative reviewing of multiple business processes. For instance, according to the legal obligation mentioned in the ‘Article 35’ of Chinese Constitution, every individual within this nation has the

Databases Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Databases - Coursework Example The insert statements used for the creation of two rows are shown below along with the screen shot of populated table. Four staffs were added, two for each clinic. One staff is assumed to a nurse and the other as manager. ID for each staff is populated as a combination of year of joining, the clinic number and staff number. The city for each staff is populated with the same value as the city in which the clinic (they are employed) is located. Two managers were then updated in the clinic table. The SQL statements and the screen shot of populated table are shown below. Records for four patients were created, two for each clinic. Patient ID is chosen as a combination of clinic number of the clinic at which the registration is performed and a patient number incremented by one upon each entry. SQL statements and screenshot of populated table is shown below: Two rows are created for two vaccines: One for typhoid and another for yellow fever. VaccineID for each vaccine are chosen as an integer which increments by one upon every entry. Invoice cost is populated by querying the vaccine table for vaccine cost based on the vaccine id for which the invoice is created. The SQL statements and screen shot of populated table are shown below: Four invoices were recorded for two registered patients one for each clinic. Invoice ID are chosen as numbers incremented by one upon each entry. SQL statements and screen shot of populated table are shown below: Four rows were inserted, two for each clinic. Appointment ID is chosen as a combination of date on which the appointment is fixed and an appointment number incremented by one upon each entry for the day. The SQL statements and the populated table are shown

John Brown Essay Example for Free

John Brown Essay John Brown was from Connecticut, born in strict religious family in 1800. At 12, after seeing a slave being brutally beaten, swore to never forget that day. In the mid 1800’s he decided to campaign against slavery in Kansas and Nebraska, so did the pro-slavery who campaigned for the continuation of slavery. With the murder of six anti-slaverists and that slave who was beaten many years ago, he decided that: â€Å"In order to end slavery, violence must be applied† (John Brown). In 1956, at the town of Lawrence, Pro slavery members destroyed the anti slavery head quarters and killed 6 of its members. John Brown observed the violence that erupted at Lawrence town. John Brown was set on revenge and on May 24th he and 6 of his followers pulled 5 men from the Pro slavery camps at Pottawatomie Creek and killed them. To avoid charges, John Brown went to New England to charge and raised money for 2  ½ years in order to purchase weapons. He was financially supplied by a secret group of six wealthy men who supported his ideas. In October 16, 1859, John Brown and 21 followers decided to take the weapons of the military arsenal in Harpers Ferry. John Brown hoped that giving the slaves weapons, they would revolt against slavery but they didn’t show up in the battle. John Brown was intercepted by the US. Marines led by Robert E. Lee. The Marines were victorious and John Brown was captured. He faced charges in Virginia and he was hanged. The execution of John Brown led the nation to divide itself into two polars, one believed that all men are born free and another who believed that Black people should be slaves. Some say that John Brown was martyr and others say that he was a terrorist and his efforts were in vain. John was a martyr who fought and died for his beliefs, and his sacrifice leaded to the abolition of slavery, so yes John Brown was a courageous abolitionist who died for a cause he believed in.

Features of Goodpastures Syndrome

Features of Goodpastures Syndrome Introduction Goodpastures syndrome, a rare autoimmune disease is characterized by anti-GBM (anti-glomerular basement membrane) antibodies attacking glomerular and alveolar basement membranes of the kidneys and lungs respectively. It was first reported by Dr. Ernest William Goodpasture in 1919 and first used by Stanton and Tange in 1957 in their case studies involving nine patients with the pulmonary-renal syndrome. [1, 2] Clinical Features   Ã‚   The onset of this disease ranges from the ages of 20-30 and 60-70 especially in young men in their late twenties or in men and women over sixty years of age study. [3] The diagnostic techniques involved in detection of Goodpastures syndrome include i) urine analysis that detects kidney damage by presence of high number of red blood cells or protein in the urine sample ii) blood tests showing the presence of anti-GBM antibodies iii) x-rays that can show anomalies in lung anatomy or iv) biopsies that involve imaging of a kidney tissue sample to demonstrate glomeruli characterised by crescent-shaped structures and lines of antibodies attached to the GBM. [4] While Goodpastures syndrome constitutes the representation of clinical features like rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) and pulmonary hemorrhage from any cause, Goodpasture disease also includes the presence of anti-GBM antibodies in addition to the other characteristics. The term anti-GBM disease constitutes a patient with the typical autoantibodies, irrespective of clinical symptoms and characteristic features. [1,5] The clinical manifestations associated with Goodpastures syndrome include acute renal failure resulting from rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis along with pulmonary hemorrhage that might prove fatal. The symptoms in relation to it consist of bleeding of lungs, kidney failure, hematuria, proteinuria, general malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. [1,6,7,8,9] The exact etiology of this syndrome is not known however there seem to be genetic and environmental risk factors. The factors being i) exposure to organic solvents or hydrocarbons ii) smoking and drugs iii) infection iv) exposure to metal particulate matter v) lymphocyte-depletion therapy. [1,5,10] The characteristic pathology in individuals experiencing the Goodpastures Syndrome can be detected by immunofluorescence staining technique of the IgG on the GBM that shows smooth diffuse linear patterns. [11] Hemodialysis, plasma exchange, cyclophosphamide drugs and immunosuppressive agents like methylprednisolone pulse therapy or oral administration of prednisolone are possible treatments for Goodpastures syndrome. [12,13,14] Basic Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms The localization of immunoglobulin IgG deposits at sites of inflammation within the pulmonary and renal basement membranes shows Goodpastures syndrome (a form of the anti-GBM disease) to be an antibody-mediated autoimmune disease. The pathogenic role of these antibodies has been confirmed by  transplantation of circulating or kidney-eluted anti-GBM antibodies to Rhesus monkey or human kidney allografts that result in the development of the disease.  A type II hypersensitivity reaction occurs when antibodies are targeted against extracellular matrix (ECM) specific antigens. [15]   The hypersensitivity response affects all organs in the body of which collagen is a constituent but the alveolar and glomerular basement membranes are more prone to the effect. This discrepancy is a result of increased accessibility of epitopes (antigen molecules facilitating attachment to a matching antibody) linked to overexpression of ÃŽÂ ±3 collagen chains in the respective basement membranes allowing access and formation of antibodies. [16] While ÃŽÂ ±3NC1 antibodies are the most common in patients with Goodpastures syndrome, ÃŽÂ ±5NC1 antibodies are less prevalent. Sometimes antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody [ANCA] can also be present. [5,17] The disorder develops antibodies that target ÃŽÂ ±3 chain of basement membrane collagen (type IV collagen) present in alveoli in lungs and in the glomeruli that form the filtering units of the kidneys within the nephrons. These structures contain the basement membrane with collagen as its essential component that differentiates the epithelia from the underlying tissue. The conformational epitopes of the Goodpasture antigen are localized within 2 regions in the carboxyl terminal, noncollagenous (NC1) domain of a type IV collagen chain, ÃŽÂ ±3(IV)NC1. [1, 5, 18]. Upon interaction of the anti-GBM antibodies with the conformational epitope of the GBM glycoproteins, the complement pathway of the immune system gets activated. This results in infiltration by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and monocytes. The severely damaged GBM induces reflux of fibrinogen into the Bowman space, fibrinogen polymerizes to fibrin through the proliferation of procoagulant factors from activated mono cytes, leading to a crescent formation.[19] Goodpastures syndrome is linked with specific HLA types. Both positive (HLA-DR15) and negative (HLA-DR7) associations are defined and being used to develop an understanding of antigen presentation, tolerance and autoimmunity. [20,21,22] Recent Developments Recent developments like the plasmapheresis technique, steroidal drugs, and immunosuppressive therapy have drastically ameliorated the course of the medical condition in comparison to yesteryears, in which Goodpasture syndrome was deemed fatal. [23] Zhao et al., demonstrate the significant role of ÃŽÂ ±5NC1-specific antibodies in pathogenesis of Goodpastures disease and also re-confirm ÃŽÂ ±345 collagen IV molecule as the original GP autoantigen. [17] The invention of a drug, now patented, with its active element containing boron  that constitutes inhibitors of arginase activity has claimed remedial effects in the pathological state of Goodpastures Syndrome. [24] A recently developed, patented prophylaxis for glomerulonephritis resulting from Goodpastures syndrome comprises of administration of a therapeutically effective amount of an IL-6 antibody that binds with or regulates the expression or activity of a mammalian IL-6 polypeptide. [25] Conclusions Goodpastures Syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by anti-GBM antibodies attacking glomerular and alveolar basement membranes. The innate immune response comprises of (i) cell death; (ii) polymorphonuclear cell releasing neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, antigens and monocytes to infiltrate the glomerulus. The adaptive immune response triggers the classical pathway of complement activated by antigen-antibody complex formation, and type II hypersensitivity reaction. Here antigens are targeted against cell- specific and tissue specific antigens (chiefly the connective tissue). Unanswered Questions Currently, there is a lot of research focusing on deciphering the causative agents of the harmful antibodies that lead to the development of Goodpastures syndrome. Evidence from this research can lead to novel drug discovery, eventually leading to a potential definitive cure for Goodpastures syndrome. [17] The exact the genetic determinants that constitute the etiology of Goodpastures syndrome are yet to be found. Bibliography Salama AD, Pusey CD. Goodpasture syndrome and other antiglomerular basement membrane diseases. In: Gilbert SJ, Weiner DE, eds. National Kidney Foundations Primer on Kidney Diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014: chap 21. Benoit, F. L., D. B. Rulon, G. B. Theil, P. D. Doolan, and R. H. Watten. Goodpastures syndrome: a clinicopathologic entity. The American journal of medicine 37, no. 3 (1964): 424-444. Hudson B, Tryggvason K, Sundaramoorthy M, Neilson E. Alport syndrome, goodpasture syndrome, and type IV Collagen. New Engl J Med 2003; 348:2543-56. Fervenza, Fernando C. Goodpasture Syndrome | NIDDK National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/glomerular-diseases/goodpasture-syndrome (accessed March 1, 2017). Phelps RG, Turner AN. Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease and Goodpasture disease. In: Johnson RJ, Feehally J, Floege J, eds. Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015: chap 24. Lahmer T, Heemann U. Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease: a rare autoimmune disorder affecting the kidney and the lung. Autoimmun Rev 2012;12:169-73. Pedchenko V, Bondar O, Fogo AB, Vanacore R, Voziyan P, Kitching AR, et al. Molecular architecture of the Goodpasture autoantigen in anti-GBM nephritis. N Engl J Med2010;363:343-54. Salant David J. Goodpastures disease new secrets revealed. N Engl J Med 2010; 363:388-91. Dammacco F, Battaglia S, Gesualdo L, Racanelli V. Goodpastures disease: a report of ten cases and a review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev 2013;12:1101-8. Jones, Joanne L., Sara AJ Thompson, Priscilla Loh, Jessica L. Davies, Orla C. Tuohy, Allison J. Curry, Laura Azzopardi et al. Human autoimmunity after lymphocyte depletion is caused by homeostatic T-cell proliferation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 50 (2013): 20200-20205. MD, Edward. Renal Pathology http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/RENAHTML/RENAL093.html (accessed March 1, 2017). Greco, Antonio, Maria Ida Rizzo, Armando De Virgilio, Andrea Gallo, Massimo Fusconi, Giulio Pagliuca, Salvatore Martellucci, Rosaria Turchetta, Lucia Longo, and Marco De Vincentiis. Goodpastures syndrome: a clinical update. Autoimmunity reviews 14, no. 3 (2015): 246-253. Bolton, W. Kline. Goodpastures syndrome. Kidney international 50, no. 5 (1996): 1753-1766. Johnson, John P., Walter Whitman, William A. Briggs, and Curtis B. Wilson. Plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive agents in anti-basement25] membrane antibody-induced Goodpastures syndrome. The American journal of medicine 64, no. 2 (1978): 354-359. Rutgers A, Meyers KEC, Canziani G, Kalluri R, Lin J, Madaio MP. High affinity of anti-GBM antibodies from Goodpasture and transplanted Alport patients to 3 (IV) NC1 collagen. Kidney Int. 2000;58:115-122. Kelly, Patrick T., and Edward F. Haponik. Goodpasture syndrome: molecular and clinical advances. Medicine 73, no. 4 (1994): 171-185. Zhao J, Cui Z, Yang R, et al. Anti-glomerular basement membrane autoantibodies against different target antigens are associated with disease severity. Kidney Int 2009; 76:1108. Borza, Dorin-Bogdan, Eric G. Neilson, and Billy G. Hudson. Pathogenesis of Goodpasture syndrome: a molecular perspective. In Seminars in nephrology, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 522-531. WB Saunders, 2003. Morita, Takashi, Yasunosuke Suzuki, and Jacob Churg. Structure and development of the glomerular crescent. The American journal of pathology 72, no. 3 (1973): 349. Phelps, Richard G., and Andrew J. Rees. The HLA complex in Goodpastures disease: a model for analyzing susceptibility to autoimmunity. Kidney international 56, no. 5 (1999): 1638-1653. Phelps, Richard G., Victoria Jones, A. Neil Turner, and Andrew J. Rees. Properties of HLA class II molecules divergently associated with Goodpastures disease. International immunology 12, no. 8 (2000): 1135-1143. Turner AN, Rees AJ. Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (Chapter 3.11). In: Cameron SDAM, Grunfeld JP, Kerr DNS, Ritz E, eds Oxford Textbook of Nephrology, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997 Shah MK, Hugghins SY. Characteristics and outcomes of patients with Goodpastures syndrome. South Med J 2002;95:1411-8. Van Zandt, Michael, Adam Golebiowski, Min Koo Ji, Darren Whitehouse, Todd Ryder, and Raymond Paul Beckett. Inhibitors of arginase and their therapeutic applications. U.S. Patent 9,266,908, issued February 23, 2016. Marshall, Diane, and Stevan Shaw. Method for the treatment of glomerulonephritis by administering an IL-6 antibody. U.S. Patent 9,321,837, issued April 26, 2016.

The Assyrians :: essays research papers

The Assyrians There are different periods of the Assyrian empire. The first was called the Old Assyrian period which lasted from 2000-1550 BC. Then there was the Middle Assyrian period which lasted from 1550-1200 BC. The last was the Neo-Assyrian period which lasted from 1200-600 BC. The final phase of the Neo-Assyrian period is called the Assyrian Empire. The Old and Middle Assyrian periods ( 2000 - 1200 BC ) The name Ashur was used by the Assyrians to designate not only their country, but also their most ancient city and their national god. The cities of Ashur (near modern al-Sharqat), Nineveh, and Irbil formed a triangle that defined the original territory of Assyria. Assyria's early history was marked by frequent episodes of foreign rule. Assyria finally gained its independence around 2000 BC. About this time the Assyrians established a number of trading colonies in Cappadocia (central Anatolia), protected by treaties with local Hattic rulers. The most important of these was at Kultepe (Kanesh), north of present-day Kayseri, Turkey. Political developments Brought this enterprise to an end in 1750 BC. Assyria lost its independence to a dynasty of Amorite. Then Hammurabi of Babylon took over and established himself ruler of Assyria. The collapse of Hammurabi's Old Babylonian dynasty gave Assyria only temporary relief. It soon fell under the control of the Mitanni, until that state was destroyed by the Hittites c.1350 BC. The Early Neo-Assyrian Period (c.1200-600 BC) After the collapse of Mittanni, Assyria regained its independence and was able to hold it thanks to the weakness of its neighbors. The most important event in Assyrian history during the 13 century BC, was the capture of Babylon by King Tukulti-Ninurta (r.1244-1208 BC). Although the conquest was short-lived the memory of it remained strong. In the following centuries the chief adversaries of the Assyrians were the Aramaeans, who settled in Syria and along the upper Tigris and the Euphrates rivers, where they founded a number of states. In the 9th century BC, under Ashurnasirpal II (r.883-859 BC) and Shalmaneser III (859- 824 BC), the Assyrians finally managed to conquer Bit-Adini (Beth-Eden), the most powerful Aramaen state on the upper Euphrates. Shalmaneser then tried to invade the Syrian heartland, where he met with serious resistance from a coalition of kings that included Ahab of Israel. They successfully opposed him at the battle karkar in 853 BC. Internal disagreements marked the end of Shalmaneser's reign, and many of his conquests were lost. Assyrian power began with Tiglath-Peleser III (r. 745-727 BC) taking over the throne. He began on administrative reforms aimed at strengthening royal authority over the provinces. Districts were reduced in size and placed under

We Must Save the Rainforests :: Argumentative, Persuasive, Environment

Rainforests, should we cut them down or not? Probably one of the biggest questions the world has to overcome. Sure, rainforests supply us with a lot of resources and we could surely not live without cutting some of them down, but should we be cutting them down at the rate we are? To be exact, the statistic estimates 1.5 acres of natural rainforests are being destroyed every second. While this practise supplies us with resources like timber for furniture, it also reduces the amount of oxygen supply. Rainforests once covered 14% of the worlds land surface, however now it only covers a mere 6%. It is estimated that all rainforests could be consumed in less than 40 years. Trees are becoming more needed and used everyday. We need them cut down for many reasons such as paper and timber, while also needing them ‘untouched’ for other reasons like oxygen, we have to ask ourselves, which is more important? At the current rate, most of the rainforests are being cut down for resources like paper and timber, but less importance is being placed on main resources like oxygen. Simply speaking, rainforests are basically the foundation of the earth. The most important role that rainforests play is ‘the lungs of the earth’. This is extremely vital to the earth’s survival as the trees and plants absorb carbon dioxide which they use to help grow and let out oxygen which we need to live. This system is known as the carbon-oxygen cycle and with numbers of rainforests declining, it is highly threatened. The largest rainforest in the world, the Amazon, alone is known to produce half of the world’s oxygen. A break down in the carbon-oxygen cycle means that we will not only have less oxygen, but an increase in carbon dioxide which eventually leads to global warming. This occurs as carbon dioxide traps heat which actually keeps the earth warm, with the right amount of carbon dioxide that is. This is called the greenhouse effect and occurs naturally however due to decreasing number of trees, there is more carbon dioxide than needed which trap s extra heat making the earth hotter than needed, this is known as global warming which also causes a rise in sea level. The world’s climate is kept stable and suitable to live in, mainly by rainforests, in a number of ways. They are often known as ‘climate controllers’. They keep the planet cool, as they absorb much of the suns heat, instead of reflecting it back into the atmosphere. We Must Save the Rainforests :: Argumentative, Persuasive, Environment Rainforests, should we cut them down or not? Probably one of the biggest questions the world has to overcome. Sure, rainforests supply us with a lot of resources and we could surely not live without cutting some of them down, but should we be cutting them down at the rate we are? To be exact, the statistic estimates 1.5 acres of natural rainforests are being destroyed every second. While this practise supplies us with resources like timber for furniture, it also reduces the amount of oxygen supply. Rainforests once covered 14% of the worlds land surface, however now it only covers a mere 6%. It is estimated that all rainforests could be consumed in less than 40 years. Trees are becoming more needed and used everyday. We need them cut down for many reasons such as paper and timber, while also needing them ‘untouched’ for other reasons like oxygen, we have to ask ourselves, which is more important? At the current rate, most of the rainforests are being cut down for resources like paper and timber, but less importance is being placed on main resources like oxygen. Simply speaking, rainforests are basically the foundation of the earth. The most important role that rainforests play is ‘the lungs of the earth’. This is extremely vital to the earth’s survival as the trees and plants absorb carbon dioxide which they use to help grow and let out oxygen which we need to live. This system is known as the carbon-oxygen cycle and with numbers of rainforests declining, it is highly threatened. The largest rainforest in the world, the Amazon, alone is known to produce half of the world’s oxygen. A break down in the carbon-oxygen cycle means that we will not only have less oxygen, but an increase in carbon dioxide which eventually leads to global warming. This occurs as carbon dioxide traps heat which actually keeps the earth warm, with the right amount of carbon dioxide that is. This is called the greenhouse effect and occurs naturally however due to decreasing number of trees, there is more carbon dioxide than needed which trap s extra heat making the earth hotter than needed, this is known as global warming which also causes a rise in sea level. The world’s climate is kept stable and suitable to live in, mainly by rainforests, in a number of ways. They are often known as ‘climate controllers’. They keep the planet cool, as they absorb much of the suns heat, instead of reflecting it back into the atmosphere.

Lynching Visual Analysis

In the photo â€Å"Lynching 1930† there is a crowd of people gathered around a tree, two African-American men are hanging from that tree, they are both dead. Lynching of African-Americans began to spread after the American Civil War and it was most popular in the South. Lynching African-Americans was used as a punishment usually carried out by a mob of white people to intimidate African-Americans, â€Å"black† people suffered from violence of white people for many years they had no freedom and no citizen rights; they were considered as slaves.Between 1860 and 1890 almost 5,000 African-Americans were lynched in front of large crowds of white people. When I first saw the photo, I focused on the two men hanging from a tree, the reason I first saw this is because they are both in the middle of the picture and everything else in the picture is directing towards these men. The other people in the picture are smiling and they all look happy and relaxed at the sight of two dead men. I was shocked when I saw the photo, what happened to these men including many others like them is unfair, cruel and immoral.The photo shocked me and I also felt disgusted by the cruelty and cold-heartedness of people looking at corpses while looking like they are about to have a celebration. In the crowd the people who are standing nearest to the photographer are all looking at the camera, one man is pointing at the corpses with a proud look on his face as if he just accomplished doing something important. Near this man, there is a young couple holding hands both smiling as if it were the happiest moment of their lives. Two other men seem careless at the horrible sight and are smoking cigars.People of all ages are gathered around the big tree, there is even a little girl who looks like she is 10 years old who is smiling. I feel horrified looking at all these smiling faces that have all seen the same thing and are joyful about it; murder. No one in the picture looks sad or disg usted after seeing two men who have just been murdered, it is worrying to see how proud and happy people are to be taken in a picture in front of dead people. Not one person in the photo looks shocked, not the men, not the women and not even the little girl. There are people of all different ages in the photo, but the all have he same reaction to racism. Men are wearing suits or dress shirts with ties, some of them are wearing hats while the women are all wearing dresses and have short hair. People in the crowd look like they are mixed between the middle class and rich people, the person who stands out the most in the photo is a man who looks like he is in his 50’s, he is wearing a white dress shirt and dark trousers, he has a thin mustache on his upper lip and he is pointing at the man hanging on the right side of the tree with a look of accomplishment on his face.An old woman is standing beside him, she seems distracted by someone else and her eyes are looking in the direct ion of a young man who is at the right side of the photo only half his face is showing in the picture, the other half is cut out. I think this photograph was taken on a summer night because people are wearing light clothes. Women are wearing dresses with prints on them and most men are only wearing shirts without jackets.The dark sky is visible behind the tree; there are also two streetlights that appear in the picture behind the dead men. Focusing on the two dead men, they both look poor because their clothes are ripped and do not look as expensive as the clothes of the people in the crowd. The man on the left has his head looking down; he is wearing an unbuttoned shirt and trousers. I can see stains on his shirt and trousers, they looks like blood. I think the man was tortured in before being hung to the tree.The man on the right has his head tilted to the side he is wearing a shirt but instead of trousers there is a piece of cloth wrapped around his waist, the hemline is uneven a nd he is barefoot. He also has bloodstains on his clothes. I think this photograph is one of the most famous ones because it isn’t only a picture of the dead men but you can also see the crowd’s reactions to this scene. You can see how intolerant people were and not accepting people for their skin color.I think that people’s view and feelings from this photo has changed over the years, in the 1930 this photo would be pleasant for white people to look at and it would evoke a feeling of happiness and pride when seeing the huge crowd gathered around the tree but nowadays this photo would shock anyone even white people. People’s acceptance of different races and skin colors has evolved during the years, if this happened today it would not be acceptable like it would have been at the time the photo was taken. I am glad I do not have to see this sight nowadays because I think it is unfair to judge a person by their looks, skin color or race.

Character Sketch of Mr.Woodwark from Finnie Walsh

Even in his most upset moments,Mr.. Woodward is an unfailing attractive character in the novel â€Å"Finnier Walsh†,written by Steven Galloway. Mr.. Woodward first impressed me when he met Finnier after that unfortunate accident for the first time. He starts the conversation with ‘Why aren't you boys playing hockey today? † instead of blaming them or cutting down their arms. That is not easy for him to forgive. But he still made it. Maybe because Finis's sparkling and teasing wit bring Mrs.. Woodward disapproval and Mr.. Woodward's attention. Mr..Woodward is always a great listener and glad to hare his own suggestions. I think, since then, some connections have already had between Mr.. Woodward and Finnier. After Mr.. Woodwork lost his hands, he began to relieve the burden of guilty of Finnier. He even says some tolerant word like â€Å"l knew our driveway is a fine place to play, so if you want play, then go ahead. † and â€Å"hold this, you will feel much better. † Because of his exceptional powers of observation, as well as his good sense, he lets Finnier released from the huge guilty and even becomes his support.As Finis's saying at the third period, ‘Your dad is the reason I come a goalie. † Mr.. Woodward sometimes misjudges things because of staying stubbornly. However, he has not realized his unique verve. Mr.. Woodward becomes more sensitive after that accident. For example, he cares about the way people treat him, and wonders that whether he is treated Just like the other ordinary people or not. He insists that â€Å"People work for what they get and do not accept charity. † Mr.. Woodward Is a strong man. He doesn't want people find that he feels upset without his arm.He refused any kind of compassion, so he lives as If he leaves his arm in a washroom or somewhere else. HIS confidence, a combination of stubborn and strengthen, leads him Into small mirrors and also keeps him alive. Unlike Pal, the man he works with, who keeps losing his claw for about twenty years and never give up to get new one, Mr.. Woodward Just accept It and moves on quickly. It seems like that he never fight with his fate, which Is realistic. He spends most of his time on education with wholehearted enthusiasm. As I said, Mr.. Woodward Is a strong man who always has his way to release.For me,Mr.. Woodward Is the most extinguished and unique character In this book. Although he was not mentioned a lot,he Is still Impressive,as well as attractive. He Just sets up a good example for Paul and Flannel,also for us. Character Sketch of Mr.. Woodward from Finnier Walsh By actually]nice becomes his support. As Finis's saying at the third period, norm dad is the reason I Mr.. Woodward is a strong man. He doesn't want people find that he feels upset without his arm. He refused any kind of compassion, so he lives as if he leaves his arm in a washroom or somewhere else.His confidence, a combination of stubborn ND strengt hen, leads him into small mirrors and also keeps him alive. Unlike Pal, the up to get a new one, Mr.. Woodward Just accept it and moves on quickly. It seems like that he never fight with his fate, which is realistic. He spends most of his time on education with wholehearted enthusiasm. As I said, Mr.. Woodward is a strong man For me,Mr.. Woodward is the most distinguished and unique character in this book. Although he was not mentioned a lot,he is still impressive,as well as attractive. He Just sets up a good example for Paul and Finnier,also for us.

Ten principles outlined Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ten principles outlined - Assignment Example The author defines how meditation encourages a healthy lifestyle and increases awareness among individuals. Indeed, through meditation, individuals can recognize and manage their anger with a clear mind, which calms them down (Crane, 2014). Moreover, the article asserts that meditation increases happiness where various studies have established that meditation increases brain signaling in the left side of the prefrontal cortex that derives positive emotions that increases happiness (Crane, 2014). The author quotes other scholars who confirm that meditation increases acceptance and improves overall well-being. Uniquely, studies establish that meditation also slows aging by changing brain physiology. Moreover, the huge gray matter possessed by meditators slows aging. Ultimately, the article confirms that meditation benefits cardiovascular and immune health by inducing relaxation that increases the nitric oxide chemical, which compels blood vessels to open thus reducing blood pressure (Crane, 2014). Apparently, the article is relevant and reliable to discuss the benefits of meditation. I have therefore found the article to be beneficial since it discusses various benefits of meditation. The article quotes relevant studies and scholars that explain the merits of meditation. Indeed, the article supports all its claims relating to the benefits of meditation. Notably, the article is beneficial since it depicts how meditation can improve our health, well-being, and social lives. The happiness, self-awareness, acceptance, good health, and increased concentration that the article presents are fundamental in human life (Crane, 2014). Moreover, the article is current, relevant, and credible to discuss the research topic, benefits of meditation. The article is equally easy to read and access since it is on an international news media. The paper lists, explains, and summarizes the importance of the ten

Project Mgmt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Mgmt - Essay Example having at least one member of senior management represented on a steering committee (Englund & Bucero, p.88) that meets periodically to review the direction, milestones, progress, and costs of the project. A concise summary should be presented periodically to the steering committee with a clear outline of any expectations from senior management. Another way is to agree on a project sponsor within the client organization who champions the cause of the project and liaises with all stakeholders. The sponsor is then given the responsibility to maintain the â€Å"upper management link† for the project (Englund & Bucero, p.10). Underlining this involvement is continued communication while taking care that problems that could be resolved at a lower level are not escalated to the steering committee or the senior management (Lester, 2007, p. 87). Clear statement of requirements: A clear definition of requirements for the project determines the planning and direction of the entire project. Requirements must be discussed and defined thoroughly and documented in a Requirements Specification Document. This is directly linked with the list of deliverables which then sets the direction the project will take (Cleland & Ireland, 2007, p. 271). It is also essential to keep in place change control procedures as some requirements may change over time and must again be clearly stated and incorporated into the project plan if accepted (Cleland & Ireland, 2007, p. 271). Accurate documentation of requirements results from interviews and discussions and must be signed off by all stakeholders reflecting the agreement on their clarity, accuracy, assumptions, and correlation with the deliverables. An engineer at Morton Thiokol suspected that the O-rings in the space shuttle Challenger’s solid rocket boosters were faulty and would not work at low temperatures below the threshold of 53 degrees. On the ill fated day of the disaster, the temperatures were expected to be 10 degrees below

DELL Case Study Analysis (Marketing) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

DELL Case Study Analysis (Marketing) - Essay Example At times a key success factor can also be the key vulnerability of a company. In Dells case, it is their over dependency on short term just in time delivery system. All other success factors hinge on this. For example, the low cost, fast delivery, and customer service are all dependent upon the efficiency and smooth functioning of the JIT system. While JIT can be a excellent platform to build competitive advantage, it is dependent upon a host of other business partners involved within the supply chain. Even If one or two suppliers are affected the whole operation of Dell is vulnerable. As only 4 days inventory is held, this risk is further heightened. Another vulnerability of Dell lies in its dependency on its unique business model of reaching customers directly while eliminating the middle links in its distribution chain. While most companies today look in to innovative distribution structures termed as Vertical Marketing Systems which integrate the activities of each link in the distribution chain (Armstrong & Kotler 2000), Dell had chosen to do away completely with the distribution chain. Dell unlike other IT hardware and accessory manufacturers does not depend upon retailers and distributors in taking their product to the customers. With its innovative approach to distribution, the company allows the consumers to log on to the Dell Web site and place orders after they configure their PC’s as per their own specifications. While this unique business model cuts costs and allows for customer responsiveness and interactive marketing communications with the customers, it will be a less effective channel as Dell enters in to unsophisticated markets, which holds future growth potentials. As Dells major US and European markets saturate, the company as other competitors in the industry needs to tap on to emerging markets such as China, India and other developing nations to support its growth. However these markets may still not be very sophisticated

The role of strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The role of strategic management - Essay Example Orgniztions operte in rpidly chnging environment, nd for this reson it is vitl step to stipulte minor detils nd predict ll chnges needed for strtegy implementtion. BMW is Europen utomotive leder operting on the mrket since 1922. t the beginning of the 21st century, BMW is influenced by interntionl economic integrtion, removl of brriers to business nd trde nd incresed competition (BWM Home Pge. 2007). Following Hill & Jones (2004) strtegic mngement is importnt for successful orgniztionl performnce becuse it involves pre-determined course of ction which helps to provide purpose nd direction for members of n enterprise. The plnning process is ided by working in n environment which is conducive to it. Strtegic mngement influences its orgniztionl structure, processes nd reltions. BMW orgniztionl structure cn be identified s mtrix structure. Within the compny, the performnce of ll deprtments is closely relted to delegtion of uthority, but it includes ll res of mngement nd requires gret del more thn hnding uthority to subordintes (Hill & Jones 2004). The dvntge is tht it is esy to control ll ctivities nd implement generl nd unified policy. The disdvn tge is complicted "bureucrtic" structure which slows decision-mking nd chnge processes. Production nd sles re the first functions to be decentrlized nd finnce nd humn resources the lst. The degree of centrliztion is not esy to determine. Some decisions must be tken loclly nd mngement must decide wht re vitl decisions nd keep these, then delegte the rest. High degree of decentrliztion tkes plce in some production res where less checking is needed on decision, especilly if few people need be consulted on decision, or if the greter the number of functions ffected by decisions mde t lower levels (Hill & Jones 2004). Following Ry Zimmermn, Executive Director of BMW: The nine person Board of Directors establishes policy and overseas the overall operations of the BMW Motorcycle Owners of America. The Board holds the Executive Director responsible for the execution of the policies and daily operation of the club. there is also a "dotted line" relationship between some of the staff members and the different members of the Board. For example, our Treasurer and the Accountant work hand-in-hand on a number of projects related to financial reporting". This type of orgniztionl structure benefit overll well-being of business becuse it determines the nture of reltions, mkes possible the ppliction of the process of mngement nd cretes frmework of order nd commnd through which the ctivities of the orgniztion cn be plnned, orgnized, directed nd controlled (Hitt et l 2006). For instnce, size, geogrphicl seprtion of the deprtments or extended ctivities of BMW require decentrlized structure. Thus, BMW needs centrliztion to estblish common policies, but when employees know ll trditions they cn ct more independently (BWM Home Pge 2007, See ppendix Chrt 1). In this cse, strtegic mngement nd plnning gives the compny only sense of direction for the ctivities. Strtegic plns give brod guidelines towrds which more detiled nd specific plns re directed. The greter the time spn, the greter the number of mistkes. Present conditions re usully dominnt in the plnner's mind when the orgniztion initites pln nd these my be overstressed. lso, mny events re obviously unforeseen, but plnning cn be ided by techniques

Research paper about business problems Assignment

Research paper about business problems - Assignment Example Now, in order to solve this problem, I thought, the decision matrix would be the best possible solution. The matrix has been based on the criteria such as quality, price and the time of delivery. The below plotted matrix will be decision based matrix and the further evaluation will follow the matrix. Based on the decision matrix above, it is clear that Supplier 2 is the best from all the aspects and they are also meeting the two criteria of fast delivery and good quality. Based on this analysis, we decided to go ahead with Supplier 2 to get the best possible solution to our problem. The first situation is the case of Kelloggs and General Mills. We need to comment on the revenues generated by the two companies in order to find out which one as an organization is a better performer. The second situation is that where a healthcare organization which has its own medicines, needs to select on a supplier based on the quality, time of delivery and charges of the boxes that are required on an urgent basis. As discussed above, the problem out here lies within the two organization. Kelloggs is a well known brand in the FMCG industry and General Mills is equally popular. Both of the firms have been in the industry for quite a long time, but we have to find out which of the two are performing better financially. The second case is that a healthcare organization where I used to work previously. The organization is going through a crisis situation. They have their own medicines, but they do not have the boxes required to pack the medicines in order to sell it to the patients. In a such a situation, several suppliers have been approached and we have noted down the delivery details of each of the suppliers. Now the problem still remains as to which of, them should we choose for the delivery. Since we need to find the financial performance of Kelloggs and General Mills, the best possible solution is to go through their

Essays Essay Example for Free

Essays Essay In 1514, Sultan Selim I (1512–1520) successfully expanded the Empires southern and eastern borders by defeating Shah Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty in the Battle of Chaldiran. In 1517, Selim I expanded Ottoman rule into Algeria and Egypt, and created a naval presence in the Red Sea. Subsequently, a competition started between the Ottoman and Portuguese empires to become the dominant sea power in the Indian Ocean, with numerous naval battles in the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. The Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean was perceived as a threat for the Ottoman monopoly over the ancient trading routes between East Asia and Western Europe (later collectively named the Silk Road, a term coined by Ferdinand von Richthofen in 1877. [20][21]) This important monopoly was increasingly compromised following the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope by Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias in 1488, which had a considerable impact on the Ottoman economy. Turkey 7 The Ottoman Empires power and prestige peaked in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. The empire was often at odds with the Holy Roman Empire in its steady advance towards Central Europe through the Balkans and the southern part of the Polish-Lithuanian [] Commonwealth. Wikipedia:Citing sources At sea, the Ottoman Navy contended with several Holy Leagues (composed primarily of Habsburg Spain, the Republic of Genoa, the Republic of Venice, the Knights of St. John, the Papal States, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchy of Savoy) for control of the Mediterranean Sea. In the east, the Ottomans were occasionally at war with Safavid Persia over conflicts stemming from erritorial disputes or religious differences between the 16th and 18th centuries. [22] The Selimiye Mosque in Edirne is one of the most famous architectural legacies of the Ottoman Empire. From the beginning of the 19th century onwards, the Ottoman Empire began to decline. As it gradually shrank in size, military power and wealth, many Balkan Muslims migrated to the Empires heartland in Anatolia,[23]Wikipe dia:Verifiability[24] along with the Circassians fleeing the Russian conquest of the Caucasus. The decline of the Ottoman Empire led to a rise in nationalist sentiment among the various subject peoples, leading to increased ethnic tensions which occasionally burst into violence, such as the Hamidian Massacres. The Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers and was ultimately defeated. During the war, an estimated 1. 5 million Armenians were deported and exterminated in the Armenian Genocide. [25][26] The Turkish government denies that there was an Armenian Genocide and claims that Armenians were only relocated from the eastern war zone. ] Large scale massacres were also committed against the empires other minority groups such as the Greeks and Assyrians. [][][27] Following the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, the victorious Allied Powers sought to partition the Ottoman state through the 1920 Treaty of Sevres. [] Republic of Turkey The occupation of Constantinople and Smyrna by the Allies in the aftermath of World War I prompted the establishmen t of the Turkish national movement. ] Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a military commander who had distinguished himself during the Battle of Gallipoli, the Turkish War of Independence was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the Treaty of Sevres. [] By 18 September 1922, the occupying armies were expelled, and the Ankara-based Turkish regime, which declared itself the legitimate government of the country in April 1920, started to formalise the legal transition from the old Ottoman into the new Republican political system. On 1 November, the newly founded parliament formally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 623 ears of Ottoman rule. The Treaty of Lausanne of 24 July 1923 led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed Republic of Turkey as the Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, founder and first continuing state of the Ottoman Empire, and the republic was officially President of the Republic of Turkey. proclaimed on 29 October 1923 in Ankara, the countrys new capital. [] The Lausanne treaty stipulated a population exchange between Greece and Turkey, whereby 1. 1 million Greeks left Turkey for Greece in exchange for 380,000 Muslims transferred from Greece to Turkey. ] Turkey Mustafa Kemal became the republics first President and subsequently introduced many radical reforms with the aim of transforming old Ottoman-Turkish state into a new secular republic. [] With the Surname Law of 1934, the Turkish Parliament bestowed upon Mustafa Kemal the honorific surname Ataturk (Father of the Turks. )[] Turkey remained neutral during most of World War II, but entered the war on the side of the Allies on 23 February 1945, as a ceremonial gesture. On 26 June 1945, Turkey became a charter member of the United Nations. ] Difficulties faced by Greece after the war in quelling a communist rebellion, along with demands by the Soviet Union for military bases in the Turkish Straits, prompted the United States to declare the Truman Doctrine i n 1947. The doctrine enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of Turkey and Greece, and resulted in large-scale U. S. military and economic support. [] Both countries were included in the Marshall Plan and OEEC for rebuilding European economies in 1948, and subsequently became founding members of the OECD in 1961. 8 Roosevelt, Inonu and Churchill at the Second Cairo Conference which was held between 4–6 December 1943. After participating with the United Nations forces in the Korean War, Turkey joined NATO in 1952, becoming a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the Mediterranean. Following a decade of Cypriot intercommunal violence and the coup in Cyprus on 15 July 1974 staged by the EOKA B paramilitary organization, which overthrew President Makarios and installed the pro-Enosis (union with Greece) Nikos Sampson as dictator, Turkey invaded Cyprus on 20 July 1974. ] Nine years later the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is recognized only by Turkey, was established. [28] The single-party period ended in 1945. It was followed by a tumultuous transition to multiparty democracy over the next few decades, which was interrupted by military coups detat in 1960, 1971, 1980 and 1997. []Wikipedia:Citing sources In 1984, the PKK began an insurgency against the Turkish government, which ha s claimed over 40,000 lives;[29] a peace process is currently ongoing. 30][31] Since the liberalisation of the Turkish economy during the 1980s, the country has enjoyed stronger economic growth and greater political stability. [] Politics Turkey is a parliamentary representative democracy. Since its foundation as a republic in 1923, Turkey has developed a strong tradition of secularism. [] Turkeys constitution governs the legal framework of the country. It sets out the main principles of government and establishes Turkey as a unitary centralized state. The President of the Republic is the head of state and has a largely ceremonial role. The president is elected for a five-year term by direct elections. Abdullah Gul was elected as president on 28 August 2007, by a popular parliament round of votes, succeeding Ahmet Necdet Sezer. [32] Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers which make up the government, while the legislative power is vested in the unicameral parliament, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature, and the Constitutional Court is charged with ruling on the conformity of laws and decrees with the constitution. The Council of State is the tribunal of last resort for administrative cases, and the High Court of Appeals for all others. [] Recep Tayyip Erdogan has been elected three times as Prime Minister: In 2002 (with 34% of the popular vote), in 2007 (with 47%) and in 2011 (with 49%). Turkey The prime minister is elected by the parliament through a vote of onfidence in the government and is most often the head of the party having the most seats in parliament. The current prime minister is the former mayor of Istanbul, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, whose conservative Justice and Development Party won an absolute majority of parliamentary seats in the 2002 general elections, organized in the aftermath of the economic crisis of 2001, with 34% of the suffrage. [33] In the 2007 general elections, the AKP received 46. 6% of the votes and could defend its majority in parliament. 34] Although the ministers do not have to be members of the parliament, ministers with parliament membership are common in Turkish politics. In 2007, a series of events regarding state secularism and the role of the judiciary in the legislature occurred. These included the controversial presidential election of Abdullah Gul, who in the past had been involved with Islamist parties;[35] and the governments proposal to lift the headscarf ban in universities, which was annulled by the Constitutional Court, leading to a fine and a near ban of the ruling party. 36] 9 The Grand National Assembly of Turkey in Ankara during a speech of U. S. President Barack Obama on 6 April 2009. Universal suffrage for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey since 1933, and every Turkish citizen who has turned 18 years of age has the right to vote. As of 2004, there were 50 registered political parties in the country. [] The Constitutional Court can strip the public financing of political parties that it deems anti-secular or separatist, or ban their existence altogether. 37][38] There are 550 members of parliament who are elected for a four-year term by a party-list proportional representation system from 85 electoral districts which represent the 81 administrative provinces of Turkey (Istanbul is divided into three electoral districts, whereas Ankara and Izmir are divided into two each because of their large populations). To avoid a hung parliament and its excessive political fragmentation, only parties winning at least 10% of the votes cast in a national parliamentary election gain the right to representation in the parliament. ] Because of this threshold, in the 2007 elections only three parties formally entered the parliament (compared to two in 2002). [39][40] Human rights in Turkey have been the subject of much controversy and international condemnation. Between 1998 and 2008 the European Court of Human Rights made more than 1,600 judgements against Turkey for human rights violations, particularly the right to life and freedom from torture. Other issues such as Kurdish rights, womens rights and press freedom have also attracted controversy. Turkeys human rights record continues to be a significant obstacle to future membership of the EU. 41] According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, the Turkish government has waged one of the worlds biggest crackdowns on press freedoms. A large number of journalists have been arrested using charges of terrorism and anti-state activities such as the Ergenekon and Balyoz cases, while thousands have been investigated on charges such as denigrating Turkishness in an effort to sow self-censorship. As of 2012, CPJ identified 76 journalists in jail, including 61 directly held for their published work, more than Iran, Eritrea and China. [42] A former U. S. State Department spokesman, Philip J. Crowley, said that the United States had broad concerns about trends involving intimidation of journalists in Turkey. [43] Turkey 10 Foreign relations Turkey is a founding member of the United Nations (1945), the OECD (1961), the OIC (1969), the OSCE (1973), the ECO (1985), the BSEC (1992), the D-8 (1997) and the G-20 major economies (1999). On 17 October 2008, Turkey was elected as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. [] Turkeys membership of the council effectively began on 1 January 2009. [] Turkey had previously been a member of the U. N. Security Council in 1951–1952, 1954–1955 and 1961. ] In line with its traditional Western orientation, relations with Europe have always been a central part of Turkish foreign policy. Turkey became a founding member of the Council of Europe in 1949, applied for associate membership of the EEC (predecessor of the European Union) in 1959 and became an associate member in 1963. After decades of political nego tiations, Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987, became an associate member of the Western European Union in 1992, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and has been in formal accession negotiations with the EU since 2005. ] Since 1974, Turkey has not recognized the Republic of Cyprus, but instead supports the Turkish Cypriot community in the form of the de facto Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which was established in 1983 and is recognized only by Turkey. [] The Cyprus dispute complicates Turkeys relations with both NATO and the EU, and remains a major stumbling block to Turkeys EU accession bid. [] Turkey is a founding member of the OECD and the G-20 major economies. Turkey began full membership negotiations with the European Union in 2005, having been an associate member of the EEC since 1963, and having joined the EU Customs Union in 1995. The other defining aspect of Turkeys foreign relations has been its ties with the United States. Based on the common threat posed by the Soviet Union, Turkey joined NATO in 1952, ensuring close bilateral relations with Washington throughout the Cold War. In the post–Cold War environment, Turkeys geostrategic importance shifted towards its proximity to the Middle East, the Caucasus and the Balkans. In return, Turkey has benefited from the United States political, economic and diplomatic support, including in key issues such as the countrys bid to join the European Union. The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with which Turkey shares a common cultural and linguistic heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central Asia,[44] thus enabling the completion of a multi-billion-dollar oil and natural gas pipeline from Baku in Azerbaijan to the port of Ceyhan in Turkey. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline forms part of Turkeys foreign policy strategy to become an energy conduit to the West. However, Turkeys border with Armenia, a state in the Caucasus, remains closed following Armenias occupation of Azerbaijani territory during the Nagorno-Karabakh War. [45] Under the AK Party government, Turkeys influence has grown in the Middle East based on the strategic depth doctrine, also called Neo-Ottomanism. [46][47] Turkey 11 Military Troops of the Turkish Army; Type 209 submarines of the Turkish Navy; and F-16s of the Turkish Air Force. The Turkish Armed Forces consists of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force. The Gendarmerie and the Coast Guard operate as parts of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in peacetime, although they are subordinated to the Army and Navy Commands respectively in wartime, during which they have both internal law enforcement and military functions. [] The Chief of the General Staff is appointed by the President and is responsible to the Prime Minister. The Council of Ministers is responsible to the Parliament for matters of national security and the adequate preparation of the armed forces to defend the country. However, the authority to declare war and to deploy the Turkish Armed Forces to foreign countries or to allow foreign armed forces to be stationed in Turkey rests solely with the Parliament. [] The actual Commander of the Armed Forces is the Chief of the General Staff General Necdet Ozel since August 4, 2011. [48] Every fit male Turkish citizen otherwise not barred is required to serve in the military for a period ranging from three weeks to fifteen months, dependent on education and job location. [49] Turkey does not recognise conscientious objection and does not offer a civilian alternative to military service. 50] The Turkish Armed Forces is the second largest standing armed force in NATO, after the U. S. Armed Forces, with a combined strength of just over a million uniformed personnel serving in its five branches. [51] Since 2003, Turkey contributes military personnel to Eurocorps and takes part in the EU Battlegroups. [] Turkey is one of five NATO member states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. [52] A total of 90 B61 nuclear bombs are hosted at the Incirlik Air Base, 40 of which are allocated for use by the Turkish Air Force in case of a nuclear conflict, ut their use requires the approval of NATO. [53] In 1998, Turkey announced a modernisation program worth US$160 billion over a twenty-year period in various projects including tanks, fighter jets, helicopters, submarines, warships and assault rifles. [54] Turkey is a Level 3 contributor to the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program. [55] Turkey has maintained forces in international missions under the United Nations and NATO since 1950, including peacekeeping missions in Somalia and former Yugoslavia, and support to coalition forces in the First Gulf War. Turkey maintains 36,000 troops in Northern Cyprus; their presence is supported and approved by the de facto local government, but the Republic of Cyprus and the international community regard it as an illegal occupation force, and Turkey its presence has also been denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions. [] Turkey has had troops deployed in Afghanistan as part of the United States stabilisation force and the UN-authorized, NATO-commanded International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) since 2001. 51][56] In 2006, the Turkish parliament deployed a peacekeeping force of Navy patrol vessels and around 700 ground troops as part of an expanded United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) in the wake of the Israeli-Lebanon conflict. [57] 12 Administrative divisions The capital city of Turkey is Ankara. The territory of Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces for administrative purposes. The provinces are organized into 7 regions for census purposes; however, they do not represent an administrative structure. Each province is divided into districts, for a total of 923 districts. Provinces usually bear the same name as their provincial capitals, also called the central district; exceptions to this custom are the provinces of Hatay (capital: Antakya), Kocaeli (capital: Izmit) and Sakarya (capital: Adapazar? ). Provinces with the largest populations are Istanbul (13 million), Ankara (5 million), Izmir (4 million), Bursa (3 million) and Adana (2 million). The biggest city and the pre-Republican capital Istanbul is the financial, economic and cultural heart of the country. [] An estimated 75. 5% of Turkeys population live in urban centers. 58] In all, 19 provinces have populations that exceed 1 million inhabitants, and 20 provinces have populations between 1 million and 500,000 inhabitants. Only two provinces have populations less than 100,000. Turkey 13 Geography Turkey is a transcontinental[] Eurasian country. Asian Turkey (made up largely of Anatolia), which includes 97% of the country, is separated from European Turkey by the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, an d the Dardanelles (which together form a water link between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean). European Turkey (eastern Thrace or Rumelia in the Balkan peninsula) comprises 3% of the country. 59] Topographic map of Turkey The territory of Turkey is more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000  mi) long and 800  km (500  mi) wide, with a roughly rectangular shape. [] It lies between latitudes 35 ° and 43 ° N, and longitudes 25 ° and 45 ° E. Turkeys area, including lakes, occupies 783,562[60] square kilometres (300,948 sq mi), of which 755,688 square kilometres (291,773 sq mi) are in Southwest Asia and 23,764 square Panoramic view of the Fairy Chimneys in Cappadocia kilometres (9,174 sq mi) in Europe. [] Turkey is the worlds 37th-largest country in terms of area. The country is encircled by seas on three sides: the Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the Mediterranean to the south. Turkey also contains the Sea of Marmara in the northwest. [] Mount Ararat (Agr? Dag? ) is the highest peak in Turkey with 5,137 m (16,854 ft) The European section of Turkey, East Thrace, forms the borders of Turkey with Greece and Bulgaria. The Asian part of the country, Anatolia, consists of a high central plateau with narrow coastal plains, between the Koroglu and Pontic mountain ranges to the north and the Taurus Mountains to the south. Eastern Turkey has a more mountainous landscape and is home to the sources of rivers such as the Euphrates, Tigris and Aras, and contains Mount Ararat, Turkeys highest point at 5,137 metres (16,854  ft),[][61] and Lake Van, the largest lake in the country. Turkey is divided into seven census regions: Marmara, Aegean, Black Sea, Central Anatolia, Eastern Anatolia, Southeastern Anatolia and the Mediterranean. The uneven north Anatolian terrain running along the Black Sea resembles a long, narrow belt. This region comprises approximately one-sixth of Turkeys total land area. As a general trend, the inland Anatolian plateau becomes increasingly rugged as it progresses eastward. [] Turkeys varied landscapes are the product of complex earth movements that have shaped the region over thousands of years and still manifest themselves in fairly frequent earthquakes and occasional volcanic eruptions. The Bosphorus and the Dardanelles owe their existence to the fault lines running through Turkey that led to the creation of the Black Sea. There is an earthquake fault line across the north of the country from west to east, which caused a major earthquake in 1999. 62] Turkey 14 Climate The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea have a temperate Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters. The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Black Sea have a temperate Oceanic climate with warm, wet summers and cool to cold, wet winters. The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the greatest amount of precipitation an d is the only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the year. The eastern part of that coast averages 2,500 millimetres annually which is the highest precipitation in the country. Oludeniz on the Turquoise Coast, which is famous for its Blue Cruise voyages. The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Sea of Marmara (including Istanbul), which connects the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea, have a transitional climate between a temperate Mediterranean climate and a temperate Oceanic climate with warm to hot, moderately dry summers and cool to cold, wet winters. Snow does occur on the coastal areas of the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea almost every winter, but it usually lies no more than a few days. Snow on the other hand is rare in the coastal areas of the Aegean Sea and very rare in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea. Conditions can be much harsher in the more arid interior. Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranean influences from extending inland, giving the central Anatolian plateau of the interior of Turkey a continental climate with sharply contrasting seasons. Winters on the eastern part of the plateau are especially severe. Temperatures of ? 30  °C to ? 40  °C (? 22  Ã‚ °F to ? 40  °F) can occur in eastern Anatolia, and snow may lie on the ground at least 120 days of the year. In the west, winter temperatures average below 1  °C (34  °F). Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures generally above 30  °C (86  °F) in the day. Annual precipitation averages about 400 millimetres (15  in), with actual amounts determined by elevation. The driest regions are the Konya plain and the Malatya plain, where annual rainfall frequently is less than 300 millimetres (12  in). May is generally the wettest month, whereas July and August are the driest. [63] Winter in Lake Uzungol Economy Turkey has the worlds 16th largest GDP-PPP and 17th largest nominal GDP. [] The country is among the founding members of the OECD and the G-20 major economies. During the first six decades of the republic, between 1923 and 1983, Turkey has mostly adhered to a quasi-statist approach with strict government planning of the budget and government-imposed limitations over private sector participation, Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey, constituting the countrys economic heart. The towers of Sisli are on the left, while those of Levent business district are on the right. Turkey foreign trade, flow of foreign currency, and foreign direct investment. However, in 1983 Prime Minister Turgut Ozal initiated a series of reforms designed to shift the economy from a statist, insulated system to a more private-sector, market-based model. ] The reforms, combined with unprecedented amounts of foreign loans, spurred rapid economic growth; but this growth was punctuated by sharp recessions and financial crises in 1994, 1999 (following the earthquake of that year),[64] and 2001;[65] resulting in an average of 4% GDP growth per annum between 1981 and 2003. [66] Lack of additional fiscal reforms, combined with large and growing public sector deficits and widespread corruption, resulted in high inflation, a weak banking sector and increased macroeconomic volatility. 67] Since the economic crisi s of 2001 and the reforms initiated by the finance minister of the time, Kemal Dervis, inflation has fallen to single-digit numbers, investor confidence and foreign investment have soared, and unemployment has fallen. Turkey has gradually opened up its markets through economic reforms by reducing government controls on foreign trade and investment and the privatisation of publicly owned industries, and the liberalisation of many sectors to private and foreign participation has continued amid political debate. ] The public debt to GDP ratio, while well below its levels during the recession of 2001, reached 46% in 2010 Q3. The real GDP growth rate from 2002 to 2007 averaged 6. 8% annually,[69] which made Turkey one of the fastest growing economies in the world during that period. However, growth slowed to 1% in 2008, and in 2009 the Turkish economy was affected by the global financial crisis, with a recession of 5%. The economy was estimated to have returned to 8% growth in 2010. [] 1 5 Turkish Airlines is the flag carrier airline of Turkey since 1933. It was selected by Skytrax as [68] Europes best airline in 2012. In the early years of this century the chronically high inflation was brought under control and this led to the launch of a new currency, the Turkish new lira, on 1 January 2005, to cement the acquisition of the economic reforms and erase the vestiges of an unstable economy. [70] On 1 January 2009, the new Turkish lira was renamed once again as the Turkish lira, with the introduction of new banknotes and coins. As a result of continuing economic reforms, inflation dropped to 8% in 2005, and the unemployment rate to 10%. ] Tourism in Turkey has experienced rapid growth in the last twenty years, and constitutes an important part of the economy. In 2011, 33. 3 million foreign visitors arrived in Turkey, making the country worlds sixth most-popular tourism destination; they contributed $23 billion to Turkeys revenues. [71] Other key sectors of the Turkish economy are banking, construction, home appliances, electronics, text iles, oil refining, petrochemical products, food, mining, iron and steel, machine industry and automotive.